Romanticism and the Supernatural in Edgar Allan Poes Ligeia

Although the movement began more than 130 years ago, readers today are still trying to define the highly complex genre known as  American Romanticism. Understanding the meaning of the literary period is challenging. Romanticism in America consisted of several common themes that questioned earlier ideas of  literature,  art, and philosophy. This feature will discuss Edgar Allan Poes Ligeia (1838) to demonstrate how one writer uses  supernatural themes than the more traditional, classical themes of the 18th century. Ligeia's Unusual Beauty Not only does Ligeias unusual beauty represent a reoccurring theme throughout the story, but the text portrays Poes method of rejecting the ordinary, a common theme in past literature, while still promoting the ideas of Romanticism. One example of this is how Poe repeatedly points out how flaws in the classical appearance of Rowena, the fair-haired, the blue-eyed, by comparing her to Ligeia whose features were not of that regular mould which we have been falsely taught to worship in the classical labors of the heathen. Poe explains through the narrator how more exalted and meaningful Ligeias beauty is specifically because she exhibits more natural features instead of the classical features. Poe clearly rejects classical beauty by killing off Rowena and having Ligeia, the heroine and the personification of Romantic beauty, live on through Rowenas body. The narrator describes his beautiful spouse almost like a ghost: She came and departed as a shadow. He also thinks her beauty, more specifically her eyes, as a strange mystery. Her eyes make her seem unreal or superhuman because of her large expressive eyes that the narrator cannot explain except that they are far larger than the ordinary eyes of our own race. The rejection of the classical values and the welcoming of the supernatural through unusual, mysterious beauty indicates Poes bias towards Romantic themes particularly since the narrator describes her eyes and voice further as which at once so delighted and appalled me--by the almost magical melody, modulation, distinctness, and placidity of her low voice. In this statement, Ligeia almost frightens the narrator because of her grotesque and supernatural qualities. He cannot explain what he sees, but in Romanticism, many times the writers threw out the rational and replaced it with the irregular and unexplained. When Did We Meet? Another contradiction of the narrators relationship with Ligeia is how he cannot explain how he knows her, or when and where they met. I cannot, for my soul, remember how, when, or even precisely where, I first became acquainted with the lady Ligeia. Why is it that Ligeia has taken away his recollection? Consider how unusual this episode is since most people can remember the smallest details of meeting their true love. It seems that she almost has control over him. Then, her love for him demonstrates more Romantic themes of the supernatural since she returns from the dead through Rowena. Often, Romanticist literature tried to disconnect itself with past literary styles by adding a theme of unusual remoteness concerning time and space. For example, Ligeias identity has no clear beginning or end. This fact clearly demonstrates another example of this excessive, irregular, and unexplained style of writing commonly found in Romanticist literature. We never know how the narrator meets Ligeia, where she was after she dies, or how she is capable of resurrecting herself through another woman. All of this is in strict defiance of Restoration literature and a rejection of 18th-century writers philosophies. By challenging what 18th-century writers labeled as appropriate themes, Poe writes Ligeia to promote his belief in Romanticist theories and ideas. His originality, specifically the use of the supernatural, is a consistent example of the innovation projected throughout Romantic literature.

Understanding Your Passion Essay - 964 Words

Understanding your passion is a concept that the author uses to allow you, as a future business leader, to think about the traits that will transform your business from an ordinary, or good business to a great business. The thought process of believing in what your business ‘is’ to what it ‘can be’. This text is primarily focused around what thoughts and actions can turn you business from good to great using his metric of sustaining a profitable business in a 15 year increment or longer. If you look at a few of the businesses he references, some have had ill effects in years after their profitability, such as Circuit City failing and Fannie Mae causing catastrophic economic collapse in the recent day. A company is only as good as their leadership and profitability remain intact. A company, to remain profitable through the longevity of world commerce can be difficult unless you continually stove to meet consumer demand for your product. The internet businesses such as Amazon have decimated some businesses because of low cost and availability and have only succeeded because of companies inability to adapt to this new business model. The authors words of insight are from 2001, which is a minimum of 15 years ago. The Global economy has changed drastically since then. The principles are still sound in this era, but must be adapted to the current economic climate where the consumer wants and demands much more from a company. Consumers temperaments have changedShow MoreRelatedReliability And Quality Of Reliability1294 Words   |  6 Pagescarry out that task. Reliability goes hand in hand with responsibility and respect, as all qualities are part of trust and positive attributes of a relationship. Reliability can generate much strength between 2 people. Reliability promotes an understanding between two people. As a desirable trait, it makes it so people can make sure that the job can be done without worry. Reliability is very often wanted in a partnership, without it people experience worry, stress, or anxiety. Often as a socialRead MoreMarketing Tips : Online Branding999 Words   |  4 Pagesproduct or service as perceived by the user. This definition falls short. A simpler and much more accurate definition is the combining of you or your company s best attributes and top strengths with the legitimate value you offer. This must be established through a concise statement that will differentiate you from your peers and yet relate strongly to your target audience and then be conveyed through all online interactions regarding serious business opportunities. Entrepreneurial online brandingRead MoreTeaching And Learning Philosophy From A Place Of Experience Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiences always happen to stand out, but the positive experiences create the passion that can be transferred into motivation for our own teaching and learning philosophies. Four keywords that reside with me are Passion, Mistakes, Encouragement, and Practice. Four words, Four definitions and Four ways to turn negativity into a positive notion. It is extremely important to be passionate about what you believe because as a teacher passion can be contagious. I have grown as a person to understand that peopleRead More The Importance of Philosophy Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Philosophy The question is Philosophy. Why is it important? What makes it important? To answer theses questions you first have to know what philosophy is. Philosophy is defined as: the pursuit of wisdom; a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means. This is the written definition of philosophy, but I think philosophy can’t be defined to just words. It’s more then words. Philosophy to me is an attempt to understandRead MoreThe Girls Of Their Summer Dresses By Irwin Shaw955 Words   |  4 Pagesno specific behavior, idea, or emotion that makes for a good marriage, though it is common for people to believe so. They think marriage will be easy, although the reality requires constant work. Good marriages consist of communication, honesty, passion, intimacy and commitment. In the short story, â€Å"The Girls in Their Summer Dresses,† by Irwin Shaw, Michael and Frances’s relationship lacks these qualities; therefore, their marriage was not ideal. Most importantly, the husband and wife need to bothRead MoreEssay On Grit Speech1341 Words   |  6 Pageslife. The most important component to success in life is Grit which is passion and perseverance for very long-term goals. Grit is having stamina. Grit is sticking with your future, day in, day out, not just for the week, not just for the month, but for years, and working hard to make that future a reality. It is important to know that life will not always be easy and that the Grit is the power of passion and perseverance. Passion and perseverance are not qualities that everybody has. Not everybodyRead MoreSummary Of Emile, Or On Education By Jean-Jacques Rousseau1497 Words   |  6 PagesIn Emile, or On Education, Jean-Jacques Rousseau says that the passion at the source of all other human passions, and â€Å"the only one born with man and which never leaves him so long as he lives, is self-love,† (Emile, 212-213). This natural self interestedness of humans is the found ation of Rousseau’s understanding of human nature. However, Rousseau later indicates in his discussion of taste, that â€Å"True entertainments are those one shares with the people. Those one wants to have for oneself aloneRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Leader?1003 Words   |  5 Pagesand technical skills. These skills are very important in the strength of an organization. In essence, these skills are a way to measure one s effectiveness in leadership. Conceptual skills â€Å"allow an individual to think creatively, while also understanding abstract ideas and complicated processes. Technical skills are the knowledge and abilities needed to accomplish mathematically, engineering, scientific, or computer-related duties, as well as other specific tasks relating to technology (http://wwwRead MoreIntroduction:. What Is Grit? Grit Is Passion. Grit Is Perseverance.1291 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: What is Grit? Grit is passion. Grit is perseverance. Grit is what everyone including teachers and students should possess. Along with passion and perseverance, to me, in order for one to possess grit in their life, they must be determined and focused no matter what obstacle life may throw at them. Life is hard, but; resilience is key in order to stay determined and focused in the worst of times. Do you have grit in your life? In order to obtain grit in your everyday life, one must stay determinedRead MoreAttachment Styles1372 Words   |  6 Pagestriangular theory of love based on three dimensions: passion, intimacy, and commitment. The degree to which a relationship demonstrates these three dimensions determines the type of love relationship. People begin love relationships with those who care for them as children. These early relationships can have a great effect on their adult relationships. Passion reflects attraction, romance, and sexual desire. A relationship that contains passion would not be a relationship that you would share with

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay - 749 Words

The play depicts the feelings and thoughts of the people of their time. Their feelings are different then what we see today in our lives. The family had to deal with poverty and racism. Not having enough money and always being put down because of the color of their skin held them back from having a lot of self-respect and dignity. I think that Mama was the one who had the most pride and held the family together. Ruth was being prevented from having a baby because of money problems, Walter was bringing him self down by trying to make the liquor store idea work. Once Mama decided to buy the house with the money she had received, Walter figured that he should further go on with the liquor store idea. Then, when Walter lost the money, he lost†¦show more content†¦The person I saw that had the foremost wishes was Mama. All she wanted was to see her family happy and for her to be happy herself for once. She wanted the family to stop suffering and â€Å"never moving forwards†. Mama wanted Travis to have his own room, and by this she sacrificed her own personal room for that by sharing with Beneatha in the new house. She was sick and tired of this anguish the family received. Her dream was to see her family stop having distress and be in a higher class and to be basically be happy. In the beginning of the play Mama anticipated the insurance money coming. She hadn’t decided right away on what to do but she the basic idea. From the time she didn’t have money to a little bit after, Mama began to really see what her family was put through. Before the money came, the family began to have their own dreams and Mama listened. They varied, of course, but they had one primary meaning; to get out of this rut they were in and head to somewhere big. Once Mama got the money, it took a little time but she had her mind set, she went and bought a house. She felt it would be the best thing to benefit everyone in the househol d. She ignored the racial lines the would prevent the normal black people from even thinking of moving in that type area and pursued her dream, her dream house. Once the â€Å"welcoming committee† showed up, Mama was luckily not there, she understood that difficulty would lieShow MoreRelatedLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun1260 Words   |  6 Pagesoblivious to this fact, and to those who are aware and accept this knowledge. The people who are oblivious represent those who are ignorant of the fact that their dream will be deferred. This denial is the core of the concept used in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. The perception of the American Dream is one that is highly subjective, but every individual dream ends in its own deferment. During the 1960s, the African-American people were in racial situations due to their â€Å"lowered status†Read MoreLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun1850 Words   |  8 PagesIn Lorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† (1959), she reveals the life of the Youngers family. In doing so, there surfaces a detrimental ideology that destroys the family financially and in their overall happiness. In Act II Scene I, Walter, the father figure of the family, says, â€Å"Why? You want to know why? Cause we all tied up in a race of people that don t know how to do nothing but moan, pray and have babies!† (Hansberry 532). By way of explanation, the family and much of the African-AmericanRead MorePride in Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun611 Words   |  2 Pages Pride Numerous meanings thrive throughout Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun. One of the most prominent essential values shared is pride. The Younger family having little financial worth to their name holds pride as a means of dignity. Pride is depicted in almost every aspect of the novel, particularly represented through intricate self-respected morals, dreams, and struggle. Every character relays pride in their unique way. Mama and Walter are the most diverse to analyze in terms of layeredRead MoreAnalysis Of Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun1092 Words   |  5 PagesLorraine Hansberry was an African-American female playwright born in Chicago in 1930. Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, has won awards such as the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award for Best Play and is loosely based on events involving her own family. This play portrays a poor African-American family of five known as the Younger Family, living on the South side of Chicago in a run-down one-bedroom apartment, Its furnishings are typical and undistinguished and their primary feature now isRead More Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay552 Words   |  3 Pages But not everyone will achieve their dreams and some, because of sad circumstances lose their grip on their dream and fall into a state of disappointment. Langston Hughes poem relates to the dreams of Mama, Ruth, and Walter in Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ruth has to listen to Walter’s extravagant dreams of being rich and powerful all the time and know that these dreams will never happen. They are very poor and Travis must sleep on the couch becauseRead MoreLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun735 Words   |  3 PagesThe play â€Å" A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry shows three generation of women under the same roof and the struggle each women face, the dreams that they had and how they overcome the obstacle in their life to move on to something better. The women in the family has had to sacrifice a lot to make the family either happy or progress further in life. Lena Younger became the head of the household upon the death of her husband. She moved from the south to the north to better herself and her lifeRead MoreEssay on Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun1190 Words   |  5 Pages Lorraine Hansberry’s novel, A Raisin in the Sun, revolves around a middle-class African-American family, struggling during World War II. By reading about the Younger’s true to life experiences, one learns many important life lessons. One of the aforementioned would be that a person should always put family’s needs before their own. There are many examples of this throughout the novel. Just a few of these would be the example of Ruth and her unborn baby, Walter regaining the respect of his familyRead More Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay3889 Words   |  16 PagesLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun A dream deferred is a dream put off to another time, much like this essay. But unlike dreams sometimes, this essay will get fulfilled and done with. Each character from A Raisin in the Sun had a deferred dream, even little Travis although his dream was not directly stated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Their dreams become dried up like a raisin in the sun. Not just dreams are dried up though; Walter Lee and Ruth’s marriage became dried up also. Their marriage was no longerRead MoreLorraine Hansberrys Raisin In The Sun1883 Words   |  8 PagesOver 5 decades ago Lorraine Hansberry wrote a play, Raisin in the Sun, about a family living in Chicago  during the Civil Rights Era.   The play illustrates a realistic portrait of African-American life during the late 50’s early 60’s.   The family comes into some money as a result of the Patriarch of the family passing away.   This insurance check presents an opportunity for each member of the family to realize their dreams in order to escape the ghetto.   However, each family member/character dealsRead MoreEssay Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun2551 Words   |  11 PagesRaisin in the Sun In the story â€Å"Raisin in the Sun† there is basically a group of characters all in one family living in a small apartment with everyday their love dying a little more. The family is black and through the whole play it shows how segregation was played in the 1950s. Ruth Younger is a wife of Walter Younger and a Mother of Travis Younger who is living in a small living assortment and just wants to get away and move on to something bigger and something more independent. Now with her

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60325-586740 Essay CENTRAL CHINA NORMAL UNIVERSITYSchool of politics and International StudiesAssignmentHistory of US Diplomacy name:AgilAliyev studentnumber: 2016270086 phonenumber: 13016420207 e-mail: America andMiddle East Middle East, nowadaysbloodlake, war and criminal zone of the world.Place of richest nationalresourchesat the same time political disasters.There are many reasonswhat made chaos in the Middle East. Short history of Middle East Although rock art dating back to 10,000 BC lies hidden amid the desert monoliths of the JebelAcacusinLibya, little is known about the painters or their nomadic societies, which lived on the outermost rim of the Middle East.The enduring shift from nomadism to more-sedentaryorganisedsocieties began in the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia (ancientIraq) and the Nile River Valley of AncientEgypt. In Mesopotamia it was the era of Sumer, which had arisen in around 4000 BC and became arguably the worlds first greatcivilisation. In 336 Alexander assumed the throne and began a series of conquests that would eventually encompass most ofAsiaMinor, the Middle East, Persia and northernIndia. Under Alexander, the Greeks were the first to impose any kind of order on the Middle East as a whole. Upon Alexanders death, his empire was promptly carved up among his generals. This resulted in the foundingof three new ruling dynasties. During these timesbornedreligions in the hu man life.Middle Eastern religious thought had a strong influence on the ancient Greeks. From the early 3rd centurybcon, the Middle East began to influence Greek thought increasingly. BabylonianHYPERLINK https://www.britannica.com/topic/astrologyastrologyinfluencedHYPERLINK https://www.britannica.com/topic/StoicismStoicphilosophy, and some Jewish influence onStoicethicsis likely as well.With the partial Hellenization of Judaism and itsHYPERLINK https://www.britannica.com/topic/ChristianityChristianoffshoot in the 1st centuryad, Jewish influence on the West rapidly became dominant.In four centuries Christianity conquered the entire Roman Empire and many outlying regions, thanks to the intensity of its faith and the tenacity with which Christians held to their views, following Jewish models, through the bitterest persecutions. In the 6thcentury there was born newreligion. From the first side itlooked new religion but in the base of new religion consistjudaismandchristianity. Howeverislamwas a continue of two monotheistic religions, its ideologyevoluatedamongarabpeople. Prophet namedMohammed, born around AD 570 in the Arabian town of Mecca (now inSaudi Arabia), had begun preaching against the pagan religion of his fellowMeccans.Middle East start new renaissance period by islamic conquers.Mohammed died in 632 but under his successors, known ascaliphs(from the Arabic word for follower),the new religion continued its rapid spread, reaching all of Arabia. Spreading ofislamhad started disturbing Europe. Christian worlds worriedislamsfast conquers and decided to found a reason for suppressing in its cradle. In 1095Pope Urban IIcalled for a Western Christian military expedition aCrusade- to liberate the holy places ofJerusalemin response to the eastern empires alarm.Romes motives were not entirely benevolent: Ur ban was eager to assertRomes primacy in the east over Constantinople.These successes were short-lived. It took less than 50 years for the tide to begin to turn against the Crusaders and only 200 before they were driven out of the region once and for all. The Muslim leader responsible for removing the Crusaders fromJerusalem(in 1187) wasSalah ad-Din al-Ayyoub In 1258, just eight years after theMamluksseized power inCairoand began their bloody dynasty, a boy named Osman (Othman) was born to the chief of a Turkish tribe in westernAnatolia. By the end of the 14th century the Ottomans had conqueredBulgaria,Serbia, Bosnia,Hungaryand most of present-dayTurkey. They had also moved their capital across the Dardanelles to Adrianople, today the Turkish city ofEdirne. In 1453 came their greatest victory whenSultan Mehmet IItook Constantinople, the hitherto unachievable object of innumerable Muslim wars almost since the 7th century.With the outbreak ofWWIin 1914, the Ottoman Empire sided withGer many, and Sultan Mohammed V declared a jihad (holy war), calling on Muslims everywhere to rise up against Britain,FranceandRussia.World War Isignalledthe end of the Ottoman dynasty. Stripped of its Arab provinces, the Ottoman monarchy was overthrown. American oil diplomacy in the Middle East The United States relationship with the Middle East prior toWorld WarIwas limited, although commercial ties existed even in the early 19th century.In comparison to European powers such as Britain and France which had managed to colonize almostall of theMiddle East region after defeating theOttoman Empirein 1918, the United States waspopular and respected throughout the Middle East.American missionaries had brought modern medicine and set up educational institutions all over the Middle East. Moreover, the United States had provided the Middle East with highly skilled petroleum engineers. Thus, there were some connections made between the United States and the Middle East before the Second World War. Other examples ofcooperationsbetween the U.S. and the Middle East are theRed Line Agreementsigned in 1928 and theAnglo-American Petroleum Agreementsigned in 1944. Both of these agreements were legally binding and reflected an American interest in control of Middle Eastern energy resources, namely oil, and moreover reflected an Americansecurity imperative to prevent the emergence of a powerful regional rival.The Red Line Agreementhad beenpart of a network of agreements made in the 1920s to restrict supply of petroleum and ensurethat the majorcompanies couldcontrol oil prices on world markets.The Red Line agreement governed the developmentofMiddleEast oil for the next two decades.The Anglo-American Petroleum Agreementof 1944 was based on negotiations between the United States and Britain over the control of Middle Eastern oil. Below is shown what the American PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelthad in mind for to a British Ambassador in 1944: Persian oilis yours. We share the oil of Iraq and Kuwait. As for Saudi Arabian oil, its ours. On August 8, 1944, the Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement was signed, dividing Middle Eastern oil between the United States and Britain. Consequently, political scholarFred H. Lawsonremarks, that by the mid-1944, U.S. officials had buttressed their countrys position on the peninsula by concluding an Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement that protectedall valid concession contracts and lawfully acquired rightsbelonging to the signatories and established a principle ofequal opportunityin those areas where no concession had yet been assigned.Furthermore, political scholar Irvine AndersonsummarisesAmerican interests in the Middle East in the late 19th century and the early 20th century noting that, the most significant event of the period was the transition of the United States from the position of net exporter to one of net importer of petroleum.In 1947, the U.S. and the Truman administration, under domestic political pressure, pushed for a solution and resolution on theArab-Israeliconfli ct. There is one purpose in the base of creating new radically different country amongarabworld. Take the control of region by hand. Inmay1948,the new state of Israel came into existence.thefirst state to extend diplomatic recognition to Israel was the United States; the Soviet Union and several Western nations quickly followed suit. No Arab state, however, recognized Israel. Warsfor oil Saudi Arabia was the firstarabcountry which hoped to be recognized by the US, which at that time had no interest in Saudi Arabia. Initially, his efforts were rebuffed, but Washington eventually came around, promoted by the fact thatAl Saudhad obtained recognition from many nations. In May 1931 the U.S. officially recognized Saudi Arabia by extending full diplomatic recognition.At the same timeIbnSaudgranted a concession to the U.S. company,Standard Oil of California,allowing them to explore for oil in the countrys Eastern Province,al-Hasa.The company gave the Saudi government35,000and also paid assorted rental fees and royalty payments. After the promises that had been made by American oil explorers that Saudi Arabia could have a very good chance of finding oil,Al Saudaccepted the American offer of exploration,becausehe was hoping that his land could have valuable materials that would support the countrys economy. In May 1933 theCalifornia Arabian Standard Oil Company(CA SOC), later called theArab American Company(ARAMCO), had started the exploration in the country with large area toexplore .Although the imported oil was not very important for the U.S. at the time, Washington seemed hungry for the Saudi oil since their confidence in finding oil in Saudi Arabia had greatly grown, which resulted in stronger relations with Saudi Arabia. American increasing policy took over British power from Saudi Arabia. In 1950s, Americansenergy dependencewas 40% from petrol.This reason made bring together Saudi Americanrelations. Oilpolicy had begun control royal families interests. In 1970s, starteddevalivationin Americanseconomy.Countries asuch a Japan and Germany got a strong economical advancement.Firts time in his historyfor consolidate its economy,Americaintroduced diplomacy whichput the second plan his democratic princips for arabs royal family. He supported kings, monarchs interests to show him such a loyal friend. As well this diplomacy worked out toarabkin gs for take its guarantee by America from other occupying forces.Though, relations betweenarabsat the same time America supported his alien Israel. Arab nationalism andlidership dream in arabworldalthough,arabshostility with Israel statewassuccedAmerican diplomacy.The another policywas aboutpetrocurrency whichoil countries acceptedamericandollar in trade relations. Since the agreements of 1971 and 1973, all the members ofOPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) quote oil pricesonly in US Dollars.However, despite this in 1973 occurred energy crisis in America.Causeit was king Faisals conservative attitude to Arab-Israeli war in 1973.Arab members of theOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC) also imposed an embargo against the United States in retaliation for the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military and to gain leverage in the post-war peace negotiations. ArabOPECmembers also extended the embargo to other countries that supported Israel including the Netherlands, Portugal, and South Africa. The embargo both banned petroleum exports to the targeted nations and introduced cuts in oil production. Several years of negotiations between oil-producing nations and oil companies had already destabilized a decades-old pricing system, which exacerbated the embargos effects. The 1973 Oil Embargo acutely strained a U.S. economy that had grown increasingly dependent on foreign oil. The efforts ofPresidentRichard M. Nixons administration to end the embargo signaled a complex shift in the global financial balance of power to oil-producing states and triggered a slew of U.S. attempts to address the foreign policy challenges emanating from long-term dependence on foreign oil.Despite effect of embargo to economical developmenAmericamanagednewstrategy in energysourches.President NixonandSecretary of State Henry Kissingerrecognized the constraints inherent in peace talks to end the war that were coupled withnegotiations with Arab OPEC members to end the embargo and increase production. Initial discussions between Kissinger and Arab leaders began in November 1973 and culminated with theFirst Egyptian-Israeli Disengagement Agreement on January18, 1974. Though a finalized peace deal failed to materialize, the prospect of a negotiated end to hostilities between Israel and Syria proved sufficient to convince the relevant parties to lift the embargo in March 1974.The embargo laid bare one of the foremost challenges confronting U.S. policy in the MiddleEast, thatof balancing the contradictory demands of unflinching support for Israel and the preservation of close ties to the Arab oil-producing monarchies. The strains on U.S. bilateral relations with Saudi Arabia revealed the difficulty of reconciling those demands. The U.S. response to the events of 1973-1974 also clarified the need to reconcile U.S. support for Israel to counterbalance Soviet influence in the Arab world with both foreign and domestic economic policies.Weisbergargued that the embargo was a short-sighted reach for short-term gains.When the short-term gains were not achieved, Arab countries started to soften their demands. Once this process started, it killed the embargo. The embargo on the US officially ended on Mar. 18, 1974. Butthe most important face of this embargo decisionwas more conservative among royal family king Faisal who madetroublenessfor western country especially for America.On 25 March 1975King Faisalwas shot point-blank and killed by his half-brothers son,Faisal binMusaid, who had just come back from the United States. Art essay fine art Iran is inviolable country for USA. However after 9/11 2001 terror attacks foreign policyof U.S is observed annexatioist his oil diplomacycouldt gethis aim. The other important factor is Israel. Amongmuslimcountries Israel cant survive without big ally. Interest of Israel also interests of U.S for controllarabicpolisy use jews.This obvious sample isIsraeli promised land dream fromEuphrates to Nile. Syria and Iran are big impedement for realize to increase borders. Arab spring, rememberedwithregime variations, creating radical movement inside of islam as ISIS, to blockade Iran show that American agression in the region.In the current situations show American increasengly decreasing powerin the Middle East. Despite controllingIraq oil,America is unsuccessful Syrian war untilnowadays. USAsufficewith Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries. Americans new president Donald Trump in his one of theelection speechsaid; The Gulf states haventnothingbutmoney.Iam going get the m to pay money. We have 19trln dollars debt. We will not pay they will pay,Becausethese states cantexcistwithout us. Qatar crisis Onmay20, thisyear Donald Trumprealisedhis first abroad visit to Saudi Arabiasince elected president. First timeafter 2001 tensions Saudi and American relationships began to softenwith Trumps visit. He also achieved to his aim to pay national debt byGulfstates. Saudi and Armericansides signed bilateral contract about 110bln dollars millitary sphere. There is another factor in Gulf states countries. The smallest country in the Gulf but on the 4th place for oil reserves, State of Qatar. Only with 2300.000population, 300,000 native Qatarisis the rich country among Gulf states. But Qatarintroducevarious policy than otherarabcountries.These tensions were possibly exacerbated by theArab Springin 2011, when Saudi Arabia and Qatar were seen as backing different sides.The government support HAMASorganisationwhich fights with Israel,IhvanulMuslimun( MuslimBrothers) party in Egypt, rebellions in the Syria.A second source of tension is Dohas accommodating stance toward Iran. Qataris have taken steps such as voting against a UNSC resolution calling on Iran to halt its nuclear enrichment program and signing a bilateral counterterrorism agreement with Iran; this more conciliatory approach is likely the result of both Qatars relative military weakness compared to Iran as well as its economic interest in maintaining cooperation with the country with which it shares the worlds largest gas field.More recently, the Emir of Qatar congratulated Iranian PresidentHassanRouhanion his reelection and according to theFinancial Times, the government of Qatar irritated many of its Gulf allies in April 2017 by authorizing the payment of $700 million to Iran andKataibal-Hezbollah, the Iranian-backed Shia militia in Iraq, in exchange for the freedom of members of Qatars royal family taken captive in Iraq. In late May 2017, the Emir was reported by theQatar State News Agencyto have criticized the hostile rhetoric of the Gulf and the US toward Iran, leading to severe criticism throu ghout the rest of the Gulf and triggering the currentcrisis.Ofcourse this policycoulddisturb other ally countries with U.S and Israel. The other fact is Qatars more democratic politic relations then others. Although,ruling by monarchy Qatar is the most introducer news and new ideology amongarabnationswith Al-Jazeera. By the way USA has armed forces in Qatar since getting independence from Britain. Just few days after Trumps visit on 23th of may Qatar woke up with news of a hack attributing false statements to the emir of Qatar. The fake news was aired on several UAE and Saudi-owned networks in the Gulf. This sparked a series of diplomatic breakdowns between the GCC countries. The latest developments include severing of diplomatic ties between three Gulf states and Qatar, an embargo imposed on Qatar, with air, sea and land borders shut down, and Qatari diplomats and residents expelled from those Gulf countries. Bahrain was the first to announce the severing of ties, it was followed shortly after by Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt made their announcements. In addition, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt closed their airspace to Qatari aircraft, and said foreign airlines would have to seek permission for overflights to and from Qatar. In return for ending the restrictions, they had told the emirate to:Curb diplomatic ties with Iran and close its diplomatic missions Sever all ties to terroristorganisations and hand over terrorist figures Stop all funding for individuals ororganisationsdesignated as terrorists by Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Egypt, Bahrain, the United States and other countries Shut down Al Jazeera and other Qatar-funded news outlets Close a T urkish military base and halt joint military co-operation inside Qatar End interference in other sovereign countries internal affairs Pay reparations and compensation for loss of life caused by Qatars policies Align with other Arab countries militarily, politically, socially and economicallyBut Qatar doesnt accept this prosecutions and crisis continue till nowadays. It seems America worries to loose his allies and foreign energy reserves thats why he attacked to Qatar. Historically been a funder of terrorism at a very high level, I decided, along with Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, our great generals and military people, the time had come to call on Qatar to end its funding they have to end that funding and its extremist ideology Trump said during a press conference in the White House Rose Garden. Conclusion In a historically there are battles to get power till nowadays in the Middle East.After World War I Middle East was more interesting for superpowers.However, were divided different countries the roots are same allarabsin this region. The important mistake was becomeliderallarabnations and collect power under hand. Somearabliderswere approached jealously, some ofthemnominated unity of arabworld. But at the end all of them arevictimseoflidership. Although, beingarabdidnt provide their unity and they made ally with America which has only benefit from them. But U.S power is also going limited. His failure in ran-Syriacoallitionis forcing to plan new games for energy power Reference A. MehmetKocaoglu, Petro-Strategy,(Istanbul: Harp Akademileri Basmevi, 1996) ZbigniewBrzezinski, The Grand Chessboard, American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group, New York, 1997) KirenAzizChaudhry, The Price of Wealth: Economies and Instituti ons in the Middle East, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997)Alan RichardsveJohnWaterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East,(Washington DC: Westview Press, 1998) James A. Paul, Great Power Conflict over Iraqi Oil: the World War I Era Global Policy Forum, (October, 2002) ZbigniewBrzezinski, Strategic Vision America and the Crisis of Global Power(Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group, New York, 2012) VedatGurbuz, Oil, Oil policy Middle East; Global Policies Regional reflections and Iraq war

Patient Centred Care free essay sample

This essay will engage closely in exploring the case study provided during week one through four. It will deal with various issues such as the difference between type one and type two diabetes, outcomes of poorly managed blood sugar levels, the necessity of pain control during post-operative care for Josie, the implementation of Tanners model of clinical Judgement and lastly but not the least, a summary of Josies progress note. Diabetes and blood glucose control As Diabetes Mellitus is closely connected to the insufficient action of insulin in the body, the type one and two diabetic patients suffer mainly from managing their blood sugar levels (Crisp Taylor, 2009. ). The widely known differences between the two diabetes are that type one diabetes display an inability of the pancreas to create insulin for the body as its cells producing insulin are destroyed. Type two diabetes do produce insulin, however due to the reduced production of the insulin by the pancreas, the body is unable or resistant to use the insulin appropriately and leads the body to face difficulties in maintaining homoeostatic balance. We will write a custom essay sample on Patient Centred Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Further differences of type one and type two diabetes could be identified in managing the disease. It is essential for type one diabetic patient to be treated with an external source of insulin, however for type two diabetic patients the treatment could vary simply from controlling their diet and exercising, or injecting insulin into the body to control their blood sugar levels (Barnes, 2004). Poor function of insulin to control Glucose is the energy source that the cells feed on to survive, therefore poor management of the blood glucose will lead the cells to suffer from insufficient amount of energy to regulate the entire body (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008). Although the effects may not be immediately life threatening, conditions such as constant exhaustion or hypoglycaemia occurs when there is a low level of glucose in the blood. The patients at such circumstance will experience headaches, dizziness, hunger, seizures and fall into comas at extreme cases. Other outcomes may occur due to hyperglycaemia, when high blood glucose levels damage the small blood vessels. Blood vessels which supply energy to the cells become affected by the high glucose level which in return causes the blood to be toxic and the formation of blood clots (Zmuida, 2009). This will soon result the nerves and the cells to poorly function and trigger blurry vision, nerve damage, poor circulation, foot infections, cardiovascular complications, kidney infections in the long run. Importance of postoperative pain control One of the most important purpose to perform a postoperative pain assessment is to manage the risks the patient may face after the operation. By assessing the location, severity, type of pain and the temperature of the pain area, the patient is likely to have lower risks of developing an infection or a disease during recovery (Doherty, 2010). If pain control assessment is absent during a postoperative care for Josie Elliot, Elliot is likely to meet high levels of pain and stress in dealing with the pain. Such stress is likely to interfere with the other postoperative recovery exercises as it is predictable that Elliot will be physically tensed and unwilling. Furthermore, the consequences of not acknowledging the pain areas for Elliot, could lead to overlooking problems such as swelling or internal bleeding of the operated wrist. Although the problems may be small, they are likely to grow into serious matters such as haemorrhage and amputation. Therefore, for the patients to be less at a risk of becoming susceptible to complications- pain control is the stepping-stone to safety and be considered as a major priority of postoperative care. Tanner’s Clinical judgement: Noticing In this initial step of clinical judgement the nurse will focus in recognising the current situation of the patient. The nurse will seek to find future discomforts and problems that may occur during the care for the patient (Tanner, 2006). As for Elliot, who had an active life before being submitted into the hospital, the nurse should concentrate in understanding the patients psychological well being. Elliot being in such a contrasting environment to her daily life in the society, she could be expected to experience severe stress. For example, the nurse could initiating a casual conversation to assess any signs of depression or discomfort that Elliot may be experiencing. Through her voice, expression or gestures, the nurse will be able to notice conditions out of the ordinary. Another way to collect more informations about the patient may be communicating with the family members. Family members are the ones who will know the patient well enough to be concerned with the minor changes the patient shows. Such way of assessing the patient will help the nurse to accurately point out the changes occurring to the patient and gain deeper understandings of the patient conditions. Interpreting This phase is about digesting the collected information about the patient. For example, Analysing and interpreting the patients idea of his or her condition will allow the nurse to prioritise her tasks for the patients health care. Prioritising tasks will help the nurse to initiate the most argent care needed for the patient. This will decrease number of the patients risk factors and benefit the patient to be nearer to the risk free zone (Tanner, 2006). For further example, the nurse could interpret Elliots dull and restless behaviours, responses, moods and expressions as a sign of depression. Other objective data such as Elliots vitals signs could be interpreted into a certain warning for an occurrence of a diseases. After understanding these informations, the nurse could then prioritise the absorbed informations from the most severe issues to the least (Bradshaw Lowenstein, 2010). In Elliots case it would first be the pain assessment on her fractured wrist and the vital signs to identify and tightly secure Elliots overall physical health which is crucial. The next will be followed by Elliots psychological assessment to ensure Elliot will not be harmed by depression. The last task on the list could be the patient shower to benefit Elliot to feel better and comfortable. However being at the end of the list does not indicate that this task is the least important. Responding This phase requires the nurse to be skilful in order to act out and perform the tasks set out in the previous phase of interpreting (Bradshaw Lowenstein, 2010). At this time of care, the nurse is expected to be insightful, with the attitudes of calmness and confidence to achieve successful outcome of the practice. For example, the nurse could systematically perform the interpreted and prioritized tasks on Elliot. During each task the nurse should explain the procedures being undertaken and communicate with the patient to be informative and clear. This will bring Elliot to be aware and be assured of the care being provided. This will help her to feel less confused or discomforted by knowing what is going on with her body while receiving the care. This step of clinical judgment will inform and educate the patient which is a crucial part of patient centered care. Reflecting Reflecting in tanners clinical judgment refers to having the knowledge to predict what is expected as an outcome of the care provided. There are two different aspects of reflection which are reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action. Reflection-in-action is when the nurse assesses the patients feedback or response in coping with the tasks and the care practiced on the patient. Reflection-on-action is how the nurse learns and gains further knowledge through the patients response to a particular nursing care (Bradshaw Lowenstein, 2010). During Elliots care, the nurse has given the medication to Elliot for pain relief. The nurse should observe and record Elliots responses to the medications. The first response the nurse will be looking for would be the complications occurring Elliots health due to the medication, such as a side effects or an allergic reaction. Secondly, the degree of effectiveness of the medication for Elliot to reduce the pain would also be analyzed. After Elliots responses have been assessed, the nurse should immediately make an effort to improve the status of the patient, and further promote patient centered care. Fracture in her left wrist from playing soccer. Has a history of Type 1 diabetes, on regular S/C insulin injections . Blood sugar within the average range of 6. 3 mmol/L. Vital signs have been within the normal range: Blood pressure 110/80, Heart rate 61, Oxygen rate 100%, Respiratory rate 17, Pulse rate 100 and Temperature 37. 8. Went to surgery 09/08/10, returned to ward with no complications. Has a cast with fingers exposed. Post-op requirements 10/08/10 included: indwelling catheter, 6LO2 saturating at 100%, 0. 9 Saline and 5% Glucose at 42mls/hr, PRN analgesia, ceased fluids after commencing oral intake, positioning patient to raise limb and neurovascular observations . Neurovascular observation of colour, capillary return, temperature, pulses, bleeding were within the normal rage. Movement was reduced due to patients pain rated to be 6/10 uncontrolled. Sensation was tingling around the fractured left arm. 11/08/10: Panadeine forte given for management of pain. Pain score reduced to 2/10. patient orally eat and drink. IDC was removed at 0600. Passed urine at 1100. Has a unoccupied cannula on right arm. Removed Indwelling catheter at 0600. Completed shower and resting comfortably at the time of report. For review by RMO: heeeun Hee-eun Yeo (UTS Nursing student) F. N Florence Nightingale (RN). Conclusion The essay explored the case study provided during week one through four. Focuses were set on; diabetes, issues of controlling the sugar levels, the necessity of pain control during post-operative care and the implementation of Tanners model of clinical Judgement on the bases of patient centered care.

Managing Cross

Managing Cross Tabular notes Bibliographic details Murray, S. (2009). Cross-cultural training. sLondon: Financial Times. Available from web. Mead, R. and Andrews, T. (2009) International management culture. 4 ed. England: John Wiley Sons. Vecchi, A. and Brennan, L. (2009) Quality management: a cross-cultural perspective, International Journal, 16 (2), pp. 149-164. Trompenaars, F. (2003). Business across cultures. England: Capston. J, Campbell. (2005)Business ethics. Oxon: Routledge What is an organizational culture? It is the meaning shared amongst members of a given organization, distinct from any other organization. n/a n/a n/a n/a How does culture affect an international business? With every country having its own communication habits and styles, these companies face cultural differences amongst its diverse employees. Cultural barriers affect the business’ bottom line. Culture influences the way an organization responds to its environment, roles, structure, how members communicate , make decisions and also they respond to the organizational structure. By the varying priorities, performances and practices across nations. n/a n/a Causes of cultural differences in international businesses Language barriers, Social norms, total quality management standards. Lack of trainings on management, lack of cultural awareness Factors that contribute in achieving a Total Quality Management n/a n/a Can cross cultural differences be resolved? Yes. Trainings on management, cultural rewarding on individuals. Trainings and cultural awareness Yes. With differences in religion and language, cultural homogeneity may be impossible to achieve in a certain nation n/a n/a Do these factors relate to me? Yes. Creating awareness of cultural differences in a company begins with an individual. Yes. As an individual, cultural misunderstanding could affect you adversely if you lack prior knowledge of other cultures. Yes. To achieve cultural homogeneity, individual should have be flexibl e and interested. Can they be positively resolved? Yes. By training the workforce. Yes. Through cultural analysis. Yes. Through adopting a variety of cultural practices. Introduction An Organization result into norms that shape the behaviors of both individuals and groups within the organization. With the increased internationalization in today’s business world, most companies are doing business across many nations. With every country having its own communication habits and styles, these companies face cultural differences amongst its diverse employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Cross-Cultural Staff specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Murray (2009, para. 11), there is therefore the need to invest on cultural preparedness and trainings on the workforce. Cultural barriers affect the business’ bottom line (Campbell 2005, p. 102). Mead and Andrews (2009, p. 4) argue that c ulture influences the way an organization responds to its environment, roles, structure, how members communicate, make decisions and also they respond to the organizational structure. The authors indicate that international managers need to determine the amount of weight to exert on culture in relation to other factors while predicting or explain a behavior. They should also be able to determine the amount of weight on culture that can be administered when responding to an action or a behavior. Discussion Cultural Miscommunications causes wastage of time in the process of trying to understand what the other person is saying, the end result is low morale on workers hence the business fails to capitalize on the benefits of having employees from diverse cultures. Language barrier is a major cause of misunderstandings among employees. Related to this is colloquialism, dialects and accents. Cultural awareness is the cure for this barrier. Cultural awareness provides the foundation for in tercultural communication sensitivity. Recent research suggests that individuals with such sensitivity tend to do well in intercultural communication settings. Companies should therefore seek to curb this behavior by promoting acceptance of other people’s cultural differences despite the difference in identities. Culture should not define the position that an individual holds in a certain company. Adapting equal opportunities for all is therefore unavoidable for any organization. Another cause of cultural conflicts is the differences that arise from social norms. A person may be treated differently depending on the country that she is doing business in. An example of this is female employees operating in Africa. The social norms of some countries in Africa are different from those of Western Europe. Some African countries view a woman as a person who should always be under someone authority.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They do not command authority and therefore expected not head a corporate. If an employee deployed from such a country to work in a community that accepts a woman to command power and hold a managerial position. Then there is likely to emerge cultural misunderstandings while trying to conduct business with such a company (Murray 2009, para.12) According to Murray, (2009, para. 13), there is no single approach to a certain cultural problem. Therefore, one can apply different concepts in different situations at a given time. While extending its operations abroad, an international business must arm its staff with simple cross cultural information to reduce occurrences of cultural barriers. By so doing, the company would be informing its workforce about the common behaviors in workplace that cause misinterpretations among employees. Managing cross-cultural differences in international businesses is not a one day thing. M anagers and employees need to learn about cross-cultural skills (Mead Andrews 2009, p. 4). According to Murray (2009, para. 12), it may involve developing tools for cross- cultural awareness like computer developed programs that thoroughly offers information concerning different time zones and the possible ways of communication while minimizing misunderstanding. The program would also address common cultural attitudes associated with gender. This is a common social issue that cause misunderstanding among diverse teams. Work practices and attitude differences can be disastrous in international business. This is a result of the different ethnic groups involved. It is more effective to practice the solutions in real situations other that just training individuals as formality. Apart from just addressing cultural differences, it is important for international businesses to utilize the benefits that result from cultural differences. Managers operating in such businesses must be able to export ideas and implement the ideas in unique ways to fit their market segment and needs. The increased competition in today’s business world demands that companies adapt to quality practices while at the same time capitalize on the competitive advantage that springs from the probability of traditional or non-traditional concerns. A study on quality management indicates that learning about the diversity of workforce cultures will enable managers acquire similar and effective management practices (Murray 2009, para. 13).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Cross-Cultural Staff specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cultural and national boundaries have major roles in Total Quality Management. This is because priorities, performances and practices vary across nations. Some of the factors that affect effective quality practice in an organization or nation may include customer focus, the level of management commi tment, training, strategic planning, teamwork, employee’s involvement among others. National culture is an entity while discussing about quality management that cannot be ignored. Research indicates that deeply rooted cultures affect quality approaches that managers take despite having similar challenges to adopt change while operating in different societies. Certain cultures in a nation function best if specific quality programs are executed than others. The implementation of quality management majorly depends on the different issues related to the national culture. Change is the main factor that fosters Quality management. However, research shows that the culture of a nation is resistant to change. The main argument behind the results of such a research is that although the quality practices may go through certain changes, the basic values accompanying those practices are resistant to change. In such a case, global firms must align their quality practices in such a way that the local national culture embraces them. However this does not imply giving in the veracity of the policies governing them. Instead, it is crucial to develop effective programs that match the local culture. In countries like Canada, Belgium and also Israel, different national and ethnic cultures co-exist (Vecchi Brennan 2009, p.149- 164). With the globalization and human mobility, the result would be intensified national and ethnic co- existences. However, the differences in sub cultures may be heightened due to the differences in religion and language (Trompenaars Woolliams 2003, p. 38). In such a case, cultural homogeneity may be impossible to achieve in a certain nation. On the basis of the foregoing arguments, it is important to ensure that an organization adopts an effective mode of communication. Therefore I intend to adopt strategic commitment in handling any cultural differences that I encounter within my work place. I also need to accept that an organization is composed of different people from different origins, culture, language, and attitudes. It is important to manage al situations at workplace effectively with the common goal of attaining success and transforming the company into a global business. Culture conflicts may lead to superior, aggressive and hostile attitudes and actions among co- workers. It is therefore imperative for all individuals within an organization to learn about other groups within the company. This is the easiest way to discover that everybody, despite their culture and experiences, has the same high and low points in life as everyone.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People should be open to learning experiences through foreign books and newspapers that offer such insights. Managers should encourage programs that foster friendship relationships like team building and cultural clubs. Friendship cuts through many misconceptions because it allows people to see others as individuals rather than a collection of traits. Conclusion With the rapid growth of business world, any organization that wishes to establish a competitive edge in the market needs to adapt a globalization strategy that aims at overcoming cross cultural barriers. Globalization entails total integration of languages, economies, nations, cultures and technologies. Research has shown that customers greatly prefer to buy in their own language. While studies show that there exist a relationship between cultural dimensions and quality management, there is need to reconcile some other limitations. This is because there are possibilities of having different corporate, industrial and sectors coexisting within the same firm yet may conflict and imbalance the national culture. Reference List Campbell, J., 2005, Business Ethics. (1st Ed). Oxon: Routledge Mead, R. Andrews, T., 2009, International management culture. 4 ed. England: John Wiley Sons. Murray, S., 2009. Cross-cultural training. London: Financial Times. [On-line]. Trompenaars, F. Woolliams, P., 2003. Business across cultures. (1st Ed). England: Capston. Vecchi, A. Brennan, L., 2009 Quality management: a cross-cultural perspective. International Journal, Vol.16, No. 2, pp. 149-164. Self Evaluation From the experience of doing the above task, I have polished my research skills by utilizing an electronic library. To compile a comprehensive analysis on how organizations should manage the diverse cultures of employees to work for the good of the company, then there was need to research on the subject thoroughly so as get an insight of how different successful global companies manage their employees. These cases w ould only be found through a wide research. I have also learnt that reading and note taking is a fundamental step when writing about an academic essay. In order to compile an academic essay, a writer should keenly read through the provided or available reading material in library or electronic sources and note down major points from which arguments in the body will be generated. The choice of language determines whether or not I will be able to explain clearly the points generated from the reading materials. I have learnt that to effectively communicate I have to choose the right words and tenses when constructing sentences. This is because an academic essay requires the use of correct grammar. The tutorials helped me ensure to structure the academic essay in a way that ideas progressively follow each other. This is an essential step which I have learnt when writing an academic essay. Construction of arguments is another essential thing that I have learned. I have known that in an a rgument, you have to show your agreement as well as your disagreement on the topic of discussion. There after, you can give your stand or general opinion concerning the topic in question. I have as well learned that structuring my written work is important since it helps the reader to quickly capture my point of argument. In addition, it gives my work a beautiful look and thus is attractive to the eye making the reader want to read more. I have leaned that organizing my time and especially by using a time schedule helps improves on time management. Similarly, it helps me to spend quality time on my studies as well as leisure. Organizing time also helps avoid last minute rush when it comes to revising for examination as well as handing over assignment. Tutorials play a big role when it comes to handling of topics under different perspectives. Every one approaches issues in different view point depending on what motivates them. Tutorials therefore become an avenue for such disclosures . I have learned that for as long as you are keen on other people’s arguments, you learn to approach issues at a broad perspective. Next time when given an assignment, I will try as much as possible to have different approaches to it. I will also ensure that I organize and structure my work in more presentable way. I feel confident about myself. I feel I can be able to achieve the set goals. However I need to improve on the way I look at things. I need to adopt a broader way of solving and judging certain issues.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) History

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) History The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) is an industrial labor union, founded in 1905 as a more radical alternative to craft unions. An industrial union organizes by industry, rather than by craft. The IWW is also intended to be a radical and socialist union, with an anti-capitalist agenda, not just reformist agenda within an overall capitalist system. The current constitution of the IWW makes clear its class struggle orientation: The working class and the employing class have nothing in common. There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of the working people and the few, who make up the employing class, have all the good things of life.Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the workers of the world organize as a class, take possession of the means of production, abolish the wage system, and live in harmony with the Earth.†¦.It is the historic mission of the working class to do away with capitalism. The army of production must be organized, not only for everyday struggle with capitalists, but also to carry on production when capitalism shall have been overthrown. By organizing industrially we are forming the structure of the new society within the shell of the old. Informally called the â€Å"Wobblies,† the IWW originally brought together 43 labor organizations into â€Å"one big union.† The Western Federation of Miners (WFM) was one of the larger groups that inspired the founding. The organization also brought together Marxists, democratic socialists, anarchists, and others. The union was also committed to organizing workers regardless of sex, race, ethnicity, or immigrant status. Founding Convention The Industrial Workers of the World was founded at a convention in Chicago called on June 27, 1905, which â€Å"Big Bill† Haywood called â€Å"the Continental Congress of the working class.† The convention set the direction of the IWW as a confederation of workers for â€Å"the emancipation of the working class from the slave bondage of capitalism.† Second Convention The following year, 1906, with Debs and Haywood absent, Daniel DeLeon led his followers within the organization to remove the president and abolish that office, and to diminish the influence of the Western Federation of Miners, which DeLeon and his Socialist Labor Party fellows considered too conservative. Western Federation of Miners Trial At the end of 1905, after confronting the Western Federation of Miners on strike at Coeur d’Alene, someone assassinated the governor of Idaho, Frank Steunenberg.  In the first months of 1906, the Idaho authorities kidnapped Haywood, another union official Charles Moyer, and sympathizer George A. Pettibone, taking them across state lines to stand trial in Idaho.  Clarence Darrow took up the defense of the accused, winning the case at the trial from May 9 to July 27, which was widely publicized.  Darrow won an acquittal for the three men, and the union profited from the publicity. 1908 Split In 1908, a split in the party formed when Daniel DeLeon and his followers argued that the IWW should pursue political goals through the Social Labor Party (SLP). The faction which prevailed, often identified with â€Å"Big Bill† Haywood, supported strikes, boycotts, and general propaganda, and opposed political organization. The SLP faction left the IWW, forming the Workers’ International Industrial Union, which lasted until 1924. Strikes The first IWW strike of note was the Pressed Steel Car Strike, 1909, in Pennsylvania. The Lawrence textile strike of 1912 began among the workers at the Lawrence mills and then attracted IWW organizers to help out. The strikers numbered about 60% of the city’s population and were successful in their strike. In the east and Midwest, the IWW organized many strikes. Then they organized miners and lumberjacks in the west.   People Key early organizers of the IWW included Eugene Debs, â€Å"Big Bill† Haywood, â€Å"Mother† Jones, Daniel DeLeon, Lucy Parsons, Ralph Chaplin, William Trautmann, and others.  Elizabeth Gurley Flynn gave speeches for the IWW until she was expelled from high school, then she became a full-time organizer. Joe Hill (remembered in the â€Å"Ballad of Joe Hill†) was another early member who contributed his skill in writing song lyrics including parodies.  Helen Keller joined in 1918, to considerable criticism. Many workers joined the IWW when it was organizing a particular strike, and dropped membership when the strike was over.  In 1908, the union, despite its larger-than-life image, had only 3700 members. By 1912, the membership was 30,000 but was only half that the next three years.  Some have estimated that 50,000 to 100,000 workers may have belonged to the IWW at various times. Tactics The IWW used a variety of radical and conventional union tactics. The IWW supported collective bargaining, with the union and the owners negotiating over wages and working conditions. The IWW opposed the use of arbitration – settlement with negotiations run by a third party.  They organized in mills and factories, railroad yards and railroad cars. Factory owners used propaganda, strike-breaking, and police actions to break up IWW efforts. One tactic was using Salvation Army bands to drown out IWW speakers. (No wonder some IWW songs make fun of the Salvation Army, especially Pie in the Sky or Preacher and Slave.) When the IWW struck in company towns or work camps, employers responded with violent and brutal repression. Frank Little, partly of Native American heritage, was lynched in Butte, Montana, in 1917. The American Legion attacked an IWW hall in 1919 and murdered Wesley Everest. Trials of IWW organizers on trumped-up charges was another tactic. From the Haywood trial, to the trial of immigrant Joe Hill (the evidence was slim and then disappeared) for which he was convicted and the executed in 1915, to a Seattle rally where deputies fired on a boat and a dozen people died, to the 1200 Arizona strikers and family members detained, put in railroad cars, and dumped in the desert in 1917. In 1909, when Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was arrested in Spokane, Washington, under a new law against street speeches, the IWW developed a response: whenever any member was arrested for speaking, many others would also begin speaking in the same place, daring the police to arrest them, and overwhelming the local jails.  The defense of free speech brought attention to the movement, and in some places, also brought out vigilantes using force and violence to oppose street meetings.  Free speech fights continued from 1909 through 1914 in a number of cities. The IWW advocated for general strikes to oppose capitalism in general as an economic system. Songs To build solidarity, the members of IWW often used music.  Dump the Bosses Off Your Back, Pie in the Sky (Preacher and Slave), One Big Industrial Union, Popular Wobbly, Rebel Girl were among those included in the IWW’s â€Å"Little Red Songbook.† The IWW Today The IWW still exists.  But its power diminished during World War I, as sedition laws were used to put many of its leaders in prison, totaling almost 300 people. Local police and off duty military personnel forcibly closed IWW offices. Then some key IWW leaders, immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917, left the IWW to found the Communist Party, USA.  Haywood, charged with sedition and out on bail, fled to the Soviet Union. After the war, a few strikes were won through the 1920s and 1930s, but the IWW had faded to a very small group with little national power.